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INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
is thereby increased. The phenolic-impregnated sheets on the top and bottom are in direct contact with the heated platens; hence they are in position to cure in minimum time. This shortest period a t the temperature necessary for proper curing of the phenolic is ample to activate the thermoplastic formaldehyde-hardened soybean protein salt throughout the rest of the pile so that a well-sealed product results. Sheets of urea-resin-impregnated material may be used for the faces in place of the phenolic. Lower temperatures and usually a somewhat longer time in the press would be required. Any color or practically any effect desired may be produced, the only limit being the reproducing ability of the printing press. Figure 2 shows some wood grains and a black onyx, all produced by placing sheets printed with these designs on the top and bottom of the piles of hardened soybeanprotein-salt-impregnated paper when introduced into the press. These particular effects are given by phenolic resin sheets, but urea resin would give analogous results. An interesting difference between the commercial all-phenolic material and the soybean-protein-center phenolic-faced material is shown in Figure 3. The latter has much more depth of color because of the translucency of the soybean interior, which gives the material a more natural wood appearance than the all-phenolic. This development has been confined to laminated paper plastics and to the impregnation of paper in sheets. There remains the investigation of impregnating cellulose fibers with the formaldehyde-hardened soybean protein salt before
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sheeting. A more thorough, and possibly a more economical, impregnation may result. The investigation of fabric laminated material offers other fields of possible application, The strength of the soybean-protein-paper laminated material compares favorably with that of present analogous commercial products. The strength of hardened soybean-proteinfabric laminated plastics may be greater than the present resin-fabric laminated material, because the protein binder will not have so much tendency to cut the fabric on bending as has the vitreous resin binder. This type of material is used generally for silent mesh gears. These are subjected to more or less oil, protein resistance to which, except at excessive temperatures, should prove excellent. Further work is contemplated along both suggested lines of future development.
Literature Cited (1) Bakelite Corp., “Bakelite Laminated”, p. 17 (1938). (2) Brother, G. H., and McKinney, L. L., IND. ENG.CHBM.,30, 1236-40 (1938). (3) Brother, G. H., and McKinney, L. L., Modern Plastics, 16,No. 1, 41-3 (1938). (4) Brother, G. H., Suttle, W. C., and McKinney, L. L., Am. SOC. Testing Materials Bull., to be printed. (5) Hopkins, I. L., Ibid., 98, 29-30 (May, 1939). (6) Seely, F. B., “Resistance of Materials”, p. 81, New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1935. (7) Ibid., p. 112. (8) Smith, A. K., and Circle, S.J., IND. EN^. CHEM.,30, 1414-18 (1938). (9) Smith, A. K., and Max, H. J., Ibid., 32, 411-15 (1940).
Thermal-Value Nomograph for Anthracite Coal D. S. DAVIS Wayne University, Detroit, Mich.
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N CONNECTION with their study of the effect of oxidation on the thermal value of anthracites, Scott, Jona, and Cooper (2) correlated data on volatile matter, ash content, and heating value in the equation: H = 14,803 f 75.8 V - 167.4 A where H heating value, B. t. u./lb. V = volatile matter, per cent by weight A ash, per cent by weight =i
i=
H , V , and A are all on a dry basis. This relation was based on 1008 anthracite samples; 76 per cent of them deviated by less than 100 B. t. u. and 96 per cent deviated by less than 200 B. t. u. from the calculated value. The equation represents the average run of anthracites and warrants construction of a nomograph for rapid and convenient solution. On the chart the broken line shows that an anthracite containing 9 per cent ash and 6.2 per cent volatile matter will average 13,750 B. t. u. per pound. A somewhat similar nomograph covering bituminous coals was given previously (1). Literature Cited (1) Davis, D. S., Chem. & Met. Eng., 42, 158 (1935). (2) Scott, G. S., Jones, G. W., and Sooper, H. M., IND. ENO.CHBM., 31, 1025 (1939).
