FACTS & FIGURES FOR CHEMICAL R&D - C&EN Global Enterprise

COVER STORY

38

C&EN

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OCTOBER

28,

2002

HTTP://PUBS.ACS.ORG/CEN

FACTS & FIGURES FOR CHEMICAL R&D

T

ERRORISM, WAR, RECESSION, A TANKING STOCK MAR-

ket—these tumultuousforceshave shaken the R&D enterprise over the past year just as they have the rest of society It's too early to quantify those effects just yet, although the National Science Foundation expects to soon release its first estimates for national R&D in 2002. In the meantime, C&EN has gathered the most current data available on where R&D funds are coming from and how they are being spent, as well as other facts andfiguresof particular interest to the chemical community For the most part, data for C&ENs annual look at R&D derive from publications of NSF's Division of Science Resources Statistics that are available on the Internet (http://wwwnsf.gov/ sbe/srs/stats.htm). The patent information is from the Patent & Trademark Office; some of PTO's reports also are accessible on the Web (http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/ac/ido/ oeip/taf/reports.htm#AT). This year's feature was put together by News Editor Janice R. Long, Associate Editor Sophie L. Wilkinson, and Assistant Managing Editor Pamela S. Zurer, all at C&EN's Washington, D C , office.

UNIVERSITIES & COLLEGES Sources of academic R&D funds. Which schools spend the most for chemistry and chemical engineering. Spending on research equipment. Numbers ofgraduate students and postdoctoral appointees. PAGE 41

INDUSTRY How much companies spend on R&D, particularly within the chemical industry Where industrial chemists work and how much they are paid. Patent activity of selected U.S. chemical firms. PAGE 50

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT Spending on R&D —with emphasis on chemistry and chemical engineering—by the federal government and its various agencies. Distribution of funds among development and basic and applied research. PAGE 53

PATENTS & LITERATURE Numbers of U.S. chemical and biotechnology patents issued in 2001 and their countries of origin. Fields in which chemical papers are published and the countries where they originate. PAGE 60


C & E N / OCTOBER 28, 2 0 0 2

39

Another Lilly First We would like to congratulate the 2002 recipients of the Lilly Grantee Award in Organic Chemistry:

• Justin DuBois, Stanford University • Patrick Harran, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas Michael Krische, University of Texas at Austin Since 1965, Lilly has annually recognized and awarded emerging leaders in organic chemistry with the resources to do great things. Past award recipients have gone on to become leading academic scientists and Lilly researchers. This year, each Lilly Grantee will receive a 2-year, $100,000, unrestricted research grant. Previous award recipients include: 2001 David MacMillan Scott Nelson Erik Sorensen

1994 Jon EUman M. Reza Ghadiri Andre Charrette

1987 Stephen Buchwald John Frost William Pearson

1980 Gary Keck William Rastetter

2000 David Gin Matthew Shair Richard Taylor

1993 Viresh Rawal Fred West Peter Wipf

1986 Ken Feldman Steve Pedersen Peter Schultz

1999 James Leighton Scott Miller Yian Shi

1992 Amir Hoveyda Barbara Imperial! Mark Lautens

1985 Jacqueline Barton Robert Williams William Wulff

1998 Thomas Lectka David Van Vranken P. Andrew Evans

1991 Mark Bednarski Eric Jacobsen Scott Rychnovsky

1984 Dennis Curran Richard Chamberlin Michael Pirrung

1975 Robert Boeckmann Phil Fuchs

1997 John Hartwig Marc Snapper Jacquelyn Gervay-Hague

1990 Robert Armstrong Daniel Kahne Gregory Verdine

1983 Stuart Schreiber David Collum Scott Denmark

1974 Robert Grubbs Christopher Walsh Steven Weinreb

1996 Gregory Fu Gary Sulikowski John Wood

1989 Jeffrey Aube Keith Kyler Steve Zimmerman

1982 David Hart Raymond Funk

1973 Paul Schaap Edward Billups

1995 Mark Burk Erick Carreira Frank McDonald

1988 Anthony Czarnick Thomas Engler Andrew Myers

1981 Timothy MacDonald William Roush Rick Danheiser

1972 Weston Borden Charles Casey Paul Grieco

1978 Peter Dervan Paul Wender 1977 Michael Jung W. Clark Still 1976 Bruce Ganem Paul Bartlett

1971 Todd Wipke Barry Sharpless Julius Rebek 1970 Edwin Vedejs John Katzenellenbogen John Wiseman Michael McBride 1969 Richard Borch Robert Coates David Evans Martin Semmelhack Douglas Browne

1966 Jack Baldwin Morris Brown Jack Zanos Gougoutas David Lightner Frederick Ziegler 1965 Edward Garbisch Maitland Jones James Marshall Roy Olofson Howard Whitlock

1968 Thomas Kinstle James McChesney Robert Stevens John Swenton James D. White 1967 Lawrence Altman Richard Lawton Barry Trost George Whitesides

www.lilly.com

Answers That Matter.

UNIVERSITIES & COLLEGES

FOCUSED Georgia Tech chemistry professor Thomas Orlando and grad student Janine Herring study radiation-driven reactions like those that occur in space.

ACADEMIC R&D SPENDING SURGED UPWARD IN 21III But support for academic chemical research grew at half the rate of total R&D funding

F

OR RESEARCHERS AT UNIVERSI-

ties and colleges, it was a very good year. Total academic R&D spending rose 9.2% to $30.1 billion in 2000—the latest year for which figures are available. Even better is that therisecame on the heels of the 6.5% rise to $27.5 billion that occurred in 1999. Expenditures on basic research were up an even stronger 9.8% to $20.8 billion, after also rising 8.5% to $18.9 billion in 1999. Spending on applied R&D rose a little less—7.8% to $9.3 billion—after being up just 2.3% to $8.6 billion the previous year. And applied research accounted for just

31% of the work performed at colleges and universities in 2000, the same as it did in 1999. No so good is the fact that expenditures for academic chemical research rose just 4.5% to $959 million in 2000, following an increase of4.8% to $918 million the previous year. Chemical engineering fared better. Its funding rose 7.2% to $374 million, following a 6.7% rise to $349 million in 1999. An analysis of academic R&D funding trends over the past decade performed by the National Science Foundation shows federal, state, and local governments play-

ing a dirninishing role, while industry and academic institutions have increased their share of support. The federal government still provides the majority of funds for research performed at academic institutions, 58% in 2000. But, as NSF points out, that share has dropped by 10% since 1972. Over the same period, the share provided by state and local governments droppedfrom10% to 7%. Academic institutions provided 12% of academic research funds in 1972; by 2000, their share hadrisento 20%. Industrial support more than doubled between 1972 and 1990, rising from 3% to 7%. But since then, industry's share has stayed about the same. In 2 0 0 0 , there wasn't much overlap among the 10 schools receiving the most federal support and the 10 schools receiving the most industrial support. Just four schools were on the list of both supporters' top 10. The top 10 federal recipients were Johns Hopkins University; the University of Washington; Stanford University; the University of Michigan; the University of California, San Diego; the University of Pennsylvania; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; the University of Colorado; Columbia University; and Harvard University. The schools with the most industrial support, according to NSF data, were Duke University, MIT, Georgia Institute of Technology, Pennsylvania State University, the University of Washington, Ohio State University, Stanford University, the University of Michigan, UC San Francisco, and the University of Florida. Turning to spending on chemical research, many of the top 10 spenders exchanged places in 2 0 0 0 . UCLA moved from 11th to 10th place, whileJohns Hopkins dropped from third to 14th place. However, UC Berkeley again topped the list—at $21.5 million—as it had in 1997, 1998, and 1999. M I T raked in the most federal support— $ 16.7 billion—for academic chem-

CHARACTER OF ACADEMIC R&D SPENDING Applied research accounted for just over 30% of expenditures $ MILLIONS

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

ANNUAL CHANGE 1999-2000 1990-2000

$10,643 $11,606 $12,516 $13,304 $13,982 $U,805 $15,473 $16,593 $17,445 $18,931 $20,791 5,643 5,979 6,302 6,647 7,040 7,360 7,566 7,769 8,401 8,598 9,271

9.8% 7.8

6.9% 5.1

TOTAL $16,286 $17,585 $18,818 $19,951 $21,022 $22,165 $23,039 $24,362 $25,846 $27,529 $30,062 ANNUALCHANGE 8.7% 8.0% 7.0% 6.0% 5.4% 5.4% 3.9% 5.7% 6.1% 6.5% 9.2%

9.2%

6.3%

Basic research Applied R&D

NOTE: Institutional fiscal years. SOURCE: National Science Foundation. 2002, "Academic Research and Development Expenditures: Fiscal Year 2000"


C & E N / OCTOBER 2 8 . 2 0 0 2

41

UNIVERSITIES & COLLEGES REAL TERMS Total academic R&D spending rose 6.6% in constant dollars in Ό0 . . .

. . . while spending on academic chemical R&D was up just 2.4%

$ Billions 35

$ Millions 1,000

30 $ Current

$ Current.

^ ^ ^

800

^^^f

25 600

20 15

* ^ ~ \ $ Constant (1990)

^ ^ * ι

^ $ Constant (19901 ι

ι

ι

ι

1

1

1

1

199091 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00

400 199091 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00

NOTE: Institutional years. Constant-dollar values were calculated by C&EN from National Science Foundation data. SOURCE: NSF, 2002, "Survey of Scientific and Engineering Expenditures at Universities and Colleges, Fiscal Year 2000"

ical R&D, a more than respectable 9.5% increase over what it received in 2000. And that came on the heels of an as tounding 657% rise to $15.2 million in 1999. Total federal support for all institu tions was up just 2.1% to $629 million. M I T again also spent the most on chemical engineering R&D —$16.1 mil lion—and received the most federal sup port— $10.1 million. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, ranked second, spending $15.4 million, an increase of 10.2% from 1999 levels. Spending on chemical engineering work by all institu tions was up 7.3% to $374 million. Sup port from the federal government, which

FIELDS OF ACADEMIC R&D SPENDING Chemical work made up 35% of research expenditures in the physical sciences $ MILLIONS

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

$13,630 $U,678 $15,755 $16,794 $17,668 $18,648 $19,332 $20,523 $21,777 $23,269 $25,512 ALL SCIENCES 8,726 9,472 10,196 10,851 11,466 12,186 12,713 13,588 14,592 15,632 17,480 Life 1,807 1,939 2,130 2,706 Physical 2,055 2,177 2,255 2,257 2,370 2,482 2,604 1,199 842 881 921 940 957 989 987 Physics 1,058 1,078 1,144 648 671 959 Chemistry 705 740 759 771 801 876 820 918 1,068 1,119 1,144 1,312 1,389 1,812 Psychology & social 1,246 1,478 1,521 1,575 1,718 956 1,242 1,319 1,769 Environmental 1,033 1,396 1,433 1,488 1,532 1,624 1,691 554 878 Computer 515 555 608 646 682 690 709 746 861 341 222 230 248 272 282 277 288 289 Mathematical 310 313 Other 336 331 315 389 526 368 426 418 514 448 450

9.6% 11.8 3.9 4.8 4.5 5.5 4.6 2.0 8.9 16.9

6.5% 7.2 4.1 3.6 4.0 5.4 6.3 5.5 4.4 4.6

$4,550 374

6.8% 7.2

5.5% 5.5

$16,286 $17,585 $18,818 $19,951 $21,022 $22,165 $23,039 $24,362 $25,846 $27,529 $30,062

9.2%

6.3%

ALL ENGINEERING $2,656 $2,907 $3,063 $3,157 $3,354 218 244 274 279 Chemical 261 TOTAL

ANNUAL CHANGE 1999-2000 1990-2000

$3,517 $3,707 $3,839 $4,069 297 317 317 327

$4,260 349

NOTE: Institutional fiscal years. SOURCES: National Science Foundation, 2002 , "Academic Research and Development Expenditures: Fiscal Year 2000"; WebCASPAR Database System

FEDERALLY FINANCED R&D SPENDING AT UNIVERSITIES Support for life sciences research rose 12%, but that for physical sciences increased less than 3% $ MILLIONS

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

$8,112 $8,596 $9,339 $10,098 $10,653 $11,226 $11,601 $12,052 $12,790 $13,630 $14,931 ALL SCIENCES 5,083 5,419 5,911 6,387 6,736 7,112 7,403 7,761 8,330 8,943 10,060 Life 1,315 1,383 1,476 1,513 1,637 1,629 1,761 1,912 Physical 1,563 1,682 1,860 652 896 762 757 Physics 680 708 708 727 803 862 818 629 480 533 553 587 Chemistry 445 451 505 518 551 616 961 1,006 681 701 792 870 944 1,012 1,076 1,101 1,131 Environmental 390 439 840 496 573 599 637 681 680 724 Psychology & social 781 342 371 582 380 423 462 501 506 582 Computer 483 513 170 183 203 205 205 208 202 214 209 229 161 Mathematical 129 144 191 209 Other 140 113 177 101 173 172 154 ALL ENGINEERING $1,526 $1,638 $1,753 $1,859 $1,993 Metallurgical 139 153 & materials 143 150 156 110 118 Chemical 126 143 151

$2,102 $2,232 176 151

190 174

$2,256 $2,354 $2,439 222 166

222 169

217 179

$2,563 226 195

TOTAL $9,638 $10,234 $11,092 $11,957 $12,646 $13,328 $13,833 $14,308 $15,144 $16,069 $17,494 8.4% ANNUAL CHANGE 7.2% 6.2% 7.8% 5.8% 5.4% 8.9% 3.8% 3.4% 5.8% 6.1%

ANNUAL CHANGE 1999-2000 1990-2000

9.5% 12.5 2.8 3.9 2.1 2.7 7.6 0.0 9.6 14.9

6.3% 7.1 3.8 3.2 3.5 5.2 8.0 5.5 3.6 2.4

5.1%

5.3%

4.1 8.9

5.0 5.9

8.9%

6.1%

NO OTE: Institutional fiscal years. "lURCES: National Science Foundation. 2002, "Academic Research and Development Expenditures: Fiscal Year 2000"; WebCASPAR Database System

42

C & E N / OCTOBER 2 8 . 2 0 0 2


SOURCE OF ACADEMIC R&D FUNDS Industrial support has hovered around 7% of total over past decade ANNUAL CHANGE $ MILLIONS 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1999-2000 1990-2000 Federal govt. $9.638 $10.234 $11,092 $11,956 $12.646 $13.328 $13.835 $14.309 $15.144 $16.070 $17,493 8.9% 6.1% Institutional funds 3.006 3.367 3,547 3,589 3,827 4,046 4,169 4,697 5,001 5,400 5,924 9.7 7.0 State & local govt. 1,324 1,474 1,491 1,559 1,554 1,689 1,811 1,909 1,944 2,024 2,204 8.9 5.2 Industry 1,127 1,204 1,279 1,360 1,422 1,489 1,605 1,737 1,888 2,036 2,178 7.0 6.8 All other sources 1,191 1.306 1,409 1,487 1,573 1,613 1,619 1,710 1,869 1,999 2,263 13.2 6.6 TOTAL

$16,286 $17,585 $18,818 $19,951 $21,022 $22,165 $23,039 $24,362 $25,846 $27,529 $30,062

9.2%

6.3%~~

NOTE: Institutional fiscal years. SOURCE: National Science Foundation, 2002, "Academic Research and Development Expenditures: Fiscal Year 2000"

supplied 52% of total funding, rose 8.9% I nual Survey of Scientific & Engineering I ence Resources Studies. Current and past to $195 million. Expenditures at Universities & Colleges, data and reports on academic R & D exThese and numerous other tidbits of c o n d u c t e d and analyzed by Mary M . penditures can be accessed at http://www. information can be drawn from NSF's an- I (Marge) Machen of NSF's Division of Sci- I nsf.gov/sbe/srs/rdexp/start.htm. -" «31sfiMf9i^SaliÉi«ISDMK#^

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OCTOBER

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A3


SCHOOLS SPENDING MOST ON CHEMICAL R&D Although there were some ranking changes among the Top 10, the big spenders in '99 werethe big spenders in 2000as well RANK 2000 1999

$ THOUSANDS

1990

1996

1997

1998

1999

% FEDERAL FUNDS, ANNUAL CHANGE 2000 2000 Ï 999-20001990-2000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1 5 2 9 7 6 4 10 8 11

$13,804 $14,277 $18,305 $20,638 $21,071 $21,471 U of California, Berkeley 17,109 9,440 11.050 17,050 18,756 Massachusetts Inst, of Tech. 14,856 19,426 U of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign 9,230 13,606 18.038 12,956 17,667 14,112 Harvard U 13,114 11,362 9,495 11,185 16,957 12,883 15,962 9,148 12,670 16,075 16,075 Pennsylvania State U 16,310 10,667 15,599 17,600 17,760 California Inst, of Technology 15,538 8,046 11,133 17,576 Texas A&M U 12,478 9,560 15,385 11,437 13,196 8,937 12,910 12.011 14.758 U of Wisconsin, Madison Cornell U 10,042 11,712 11,380 12.031 14,132 14.002 10,859 11.769 11,217 10,220 13,158 13.564 U of California, Los Angeles $111,314 $129,679 $125,499 $140,117 $161,993 $164,173 Total, first 10 institutions

73% 89 58 87 61 78 45 55 65 77 70%

1.9% 10.0 -9.1 20.2 0.7 -4.7 -12.5 11.8 -0.9 3.1 1.3%

4.5% 0.9 6.7 2.6 5.8 3.8 6.7 5.1 3.4 1.9 4.0%

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

37 18 14 3 22 15 na 13 26 20

Ohio State U U of Pennsylvania Stanford U Johns Hopkins Ua U of Oklahoma Rutgers, State U of New Jersey U of California, San Francisco U of Colorado Florida State U Northwestern U Total, first 20 institutions

9,291 9.679 8,110 6,565 10,784 13,141 11,579 11,669 10,994 8,077 12,855 12,886 12,199 11,835 9,693 12,010 12,306 12.859 9,264 18,297 5,435 5,581 18,541 12.616 8,057 3,287 9,922 10,225 7,042 12,512 8,130 11,543 7,812 7,523 9,622 12,351 0 0 0 0 0 12,332 11,889 6,041 12,701 11,026 12,948 12.251 7,534 9,395 5,345 5,273 7,890 11,631 10,471 7,219 7,848 9,843 7,476 11,373 $170,788 $210,924 $210,427 $242,537 $264,752 $288,125

42 93 85 97 59 65 73 84 36 78 70%

62.0 17.2 8.7 -31.0 22.4 7.0 nm 3.0 23.8 8.6 8.8%

7.2 4.8 2.9 8.8 14.3 4.7 nm 7.3 8.1 4.7 5.4%

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

21 12 36 16 32 17 28 29 25 19

11,131 10,269 0 9.322 10,650 11,267 U of Massachusetts, Amherst 12,254 Purdue U 8,672 10,927 12.548 12,021 11,260 7,344 10,889 7.982 8,202 Indiana U 9,081 10,812 13,259 11,328 11,159 U of Texas, Austin 11,393 11,397 10,142 8,583 U of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 5,310 7,492 7,788 8,368 10,080 5,396 9,779 11,675 11,034 10,070 U of Florida 8,182 8,658 9,006 U of Notre Dame 6,348 8,030 7,053 10,010 8,919 5,215 8.302 10,816 10,869 9,962 Georgia Inst, of Technology 9,477 Princeton U 9,099 8,123 7,610 8,973 9,850 10,725 8,120 9,956 10,297 9,831 U of California, San Diego 9,683 Total, first 30 institutions $239,551 $300,946 $309,063 $344,435 $364,147 $391,409

50 62 55 57 75 60 88 41 62 74 68%

9.7 -6.3 31.8 -9.1 17.4 -8.7 11.1 11.7 3.9 -8.3 7.5%

nm 2.6% 3.9 -2.6 6.6 6.4 4.7 6.7 0.8 1.9 5.0%

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39, 40

22 23 41 38 40 31 24 34 46 27

U of Arizona U of California, Irvine U of South Carolina U of Washington, Seattle U of Michigan Arizona State U U of Chicago Louisiana State U U of Minnesota U of Utah Total, first 40 institutions

8,524 5,034 5,601 5,045 6,588 9,699 10,127 8,724 10,036 4,835 8,425 9,683 7,357 7,727 4,307 4,645 9,321 6,321 8,100 6,057 6,914 6,341 7,097 9,167 7,744 6,007 6,834 7,820 3,735 9,009 8,227 8,782 7,967 9,087 9,583 8,979 8,189 9,484 7,791 8,730 9,331 8,676 5,893 8,350 4,348 4,761 5,752 8,543 7,662 7,574 7,241 6,663 7,468 8,472 9,359 5,089 6,371 6,366 7,398 8,420 $296,917 $371,394 $377,530 $420,218 $449,494 $481,378

75 72 63 71 81 48 75 62 72 85 69%

13.8 -3.5 20.6 13.2 16.3 2.2 -8.5 2.3 17.0 -10.0 7.1%

6.8 7.2 8.0 4.2 9.2 1.2 -0.7 7.0 2.4 5.2 5.0%

41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

50 49 73 54 42 51 55 60 30 43

6,775 8,395 U of Akron 8,214 7,483 8,326 2,001 6,219 6,811 5,250 5,847 7,951 U of Virginia 5,281 4,507 4,372 3,444 3,267 7,813 North Carolina State U, Raleigh 1,103 6,257 7,724 7,538 7,037 6,321 6,737 Virginia Polytechnic Inst. & StateU 7,551 7,545 7,203 7,900 5,667 U of Southern California 5,908 7,459 6,435 5,904 7,316 6.097 5,832 U of Pittsburgh 5,507 6,106 5,856 7,180 6,007 Michigan State U 3,138 7,155 7,337 5,230 5,535 4,228 Emory U 5,031 8,800 7,134 7,333 7.177 5,450 6,521 U of Kansas 7,377 8,292 8.753 Columbia U 5,858 7,072 7,996 Total, first 50 institutions $341,796 $431,675 $446,286 $486,599 $515,507 $556,631

31 76 51 44 76 86 62 69 66 95 68%

21.2 16.7 78.7 23.4 0.1 15.9 17.6 29.3 -18.9 -4.1 8.0%

15.2 4.2 21.6 2.0 2.9 2.5 8.6 5.4 2.7 1.9 5.0%

$647,779 $801,302 $820,120 !5875,506 $918,197 $958,942

66%

4.4%

4.0%

TOTAL, ALL INSTITUTIONS

NOTE: Institutional fiscal years, a Includes funding for the Applied Physics Lab. na = not available, nm = not meaningful. SOURCES: National Science Foundation. 2002, "Academic Research and Development Expenditures: Fiscal Year 2000"; WebCASPAR Database System

44

C&EN

/

OCTOBER

28.

2002


SCHOOLS WITH MOST FEDERAL SUPPORT FOR CHEMICAL R&D ΪΜ&

4

1999 $ THOUSANDS

1 5

MarvaritH isilîsM^ liyfèrîiisipj

6 - ' 7 l#sffléi*f^^

a

m U

Total, first 10 institutionT' mia State U

10 11

1997 ';IÉffWfr;v:: $8,823 1 13,7U j ^ B B B f f 8,128 | a i i g y . 8,981 15,200 10,423 10,449 8,728

1990 $15,129 12,219 H I 11,855 4,994 i f 8,629 I I 7,330 8,839 10,216

2000

1999

$15,244 $14690 14,195 m$W 13,890 1§78& 17,961 mm 13,829 Wm^W: 10,624 9,778 10,604 MME _ _

_ _ _

1999-2000 1990-2000

9.5% f 11.1

i M l i . l . - M i l l i i É t i i l l i INJlll"

mm mm

.

_

6.5 -32.0 -11.8 12.9 12.2 -1.6

m m&

v j | j 3^

sm

m

0,2

11,621 :m:mm§. -11.4 ^vT35T

6,563

8,174

5,218 $90,992

8,762 $101,382

6,429 7,211

8,631 8,065

9,727 9,633

5,465 5,667

5,166 6,390 7,693

8,126 7,998 8,287

9,618

mmÊfc

6.9

$127,364 $1:

-1.4%

7.0

mm

WBBÊ ! « p f 17 W * 19 16 16 17 21 m 27 # 45 20 30

2ÎÎ 22 2t

26 13 14

i W i u i ^ : lî^piaiTi^ U ^Wtewrislft» MidisoR tot^^ UofNortfrEl^ U of Oklahoma^ UofMiehifrarT Total, first 20 institutions

6,041 6,016 f 4,65111 1,221 2,786 m „ $136.479 Wm

ji'ji^g

y w. ^'"'^"^'1S%^ft mMSém^MmMSim^

mÎ^ÊmimÊÊSi

28 29

15 35

13$

38

w

31 wmémÈèml^

32 33 34 35 M 37

20 28 32 34 44 33 25 41 46

10

41

29

42 43 44 •^45

39 47 37 52

3,545 5,058

$157,365

3,210 "Ifffîll 7,422

piiîlloria »«IJt#^ Texas

5,763 5,672

3,746

3,400 7,922 5,493

3,716 4,437

6,252 6,646

6,893 58,524 .54Q·

5,857 wmmm-,

UofFloHda '-Princeton^

6,290 5,332

2,905 ψη 6,104 gjffSft: 5,961 ^^éùW^*M^^^0^^W- 4,038 ÉiÉS 5,116 UofVirftMa Indiana U 5,225 7,750 l !Î U of South Carotigë ^'II^!É^li|É É! l 2,992 3,279 Ut>fSouthern 5,358 5,865 y of Texas, Austin 6,723 I 1,294 6,872 5,894 :^M-|i4fesachusett$f.i^lêîl 1^2^ 4,152 6,291 JWoStateU ': û:;-\:V^ Total, first 40 institutions $232,181 $282,050 $278,495

SUI

ill

fmm-

44

59

WmM

47 48 49 50

43 51 49 57

State W # N e w Y ^ ^ ti#Dalf(rmaÔ Uof Kàtisir Mlchifan State U Total, first 50 institutions

igtRgPte^

5,256

M

5,863

6,396 8,710

4JS2 7,802 ^4*22 5,211

6,335

8,260 &212 7,849 6,531 7,487 6,671 4,521 4978 5,968 W65 $219,845 $250,203

4,139 4,721 $188,827

faa^^ U f i f MJrând, Cottege N r k U of California, Santa Barbara ••lei^fe;-,,;.^•Ï; : ·;^^·•·•"'·;,•;

7,673 6,159 4,817 5,862 mmB $195,646

8,668 5,571 7,289 7,523 6,899 8,349 5,578 5,270 $265,899

4446 5,309

5,727

W0Ê; 4047 «{m

408t 7323 424É

mw 24.8 53.1 mmrn JRI mm* 7.2% mwmc W&m

$mi 7351 7,172 6,986 4979 6,958 4747 6,519 4493 6,436 $278,482

5,799 4122 7,682 4088 6,092 wm 5,774 5,733 4,849 1J^ 5,758 6,547 4,921 W^tm 4,629 φ mm

13.6 -16.8 -17.3 25.4 -4.3 -7.5 -2.2 -21.9 16.4 22.1

m im*

mm-2.4 46

;:»&

UJ%

mm

5.6

Ht

-20.7

'mm mm

«έ5

'%m

-0.4

20.1 0.1 -12.2 15.2 19.4

m

Wm

wmmm $323,683 :mmmm: 4.2% 5,914 ^mjim

5,085 1,887 ^'ÎÎggfffi 3,105 ffm&ffê 4,774 6,039 4,580 3,869 3,861 5,364 4946 3,509 5,338 4,162 3,892 2,330 2,956 4856 3,552 4,892 477$ 3,816 2,996 3,153 4,196 4752 S480 2,099 3,378 4,335 1;805 4725 1,992 3,64! 3,969 ψ 4486 mm 3,935 $264,709 $33J2g4 $319,675" $348,033 $370,072 $38443!

^K Wm :^|ϋ^

WW

"9.2 3.3 10.5 -7.8 18.1 24.8 -2.4 13.3 9.0 13.0 f 4.4% I

$444,936 $5S&3S5 $551,381 1584412 $615,896 j f ô j j ^ t l

mm

ι

ίϋ %

m

2A%imÉMÊi

MOTEs Institutional fiscal years, a Includes funding forthe AppWed-fîcsL^JpS^ ,f Mi "'"""Ss National Science Foundation, 2002; Survey of Research and Development Expenditures at Universities and Colleges, 2000; WebCASPAR Database System


C&EN

/

OCTOBER

28.

2002

45


SCHOOLS SPENDING MOST ON CHEMICAL ENGINEERING R&D Once again, MIT spent the most, followed by NC State % FEDERAL FUNDS, ANNUAL CHANGE

RANK

2000 1999 1 1 2 2 3 23 4 4 3 5

$ THOUSANDS Massachusetts Inst, of Tech. North Carolina State U, Raleigh Pennsylvania State U Texas A & M U U of Minnesota

1990 $13,456 4,421 2,430 6,017 7,817

1996 $17,788 10,758 4,077 11,074 10,973

1997 $6,936 7,549 3,627 8,561 11,559

1998 $8,614 13,306 5,481 9,899 11,132

1999 $14,840 13,954 4,712 8,858 11,419

2000 $16,106 15,382 14,257 9,364 9,057

2000 1999-20001990-2000 62.9% 1.8% 8.5% 40.2 10.2 13.3 59.6 202.6 19.4 21.0 5.7 4.5 62.7 -20.7 1.5

6 7 8 9 10

5 9 14 7 12

U of Texas, Austin U of Wisconsin, Madison Purdue U Stanford U Case Western Reserve U

6,025 4,363 2,081 2,478 3,665

7,515 6,367 5,723 6,419 9,198

15,247 7,323 5,215 6,376 7,633

6,229 6,732 5,745 7,376 7,292

8,265 6,546 5,833 6,901 5,878

7,469 51.2 7,317 58.7 6,624 36.3 6,424 83.7 6,391 57.5

-9.6 11.8 13.6 -6.9 8.7

2.2 5.3 12.3 10.0 5.7

11 12 13 14 15

31 10 20 16 11

Auburn U U of Oklahoma U of Utah Johns Hopkins U U of South Carolina

3,259 1,594 2,554 4,580 580

2,070 6,238 2,826 4,792 4,893

3,131 6,609 2,821 4,859 3,406

2,485 5,727 3,891 5,544 5,387

3,660 6,475 4,937 5,538 6,071

6,255 6,240 6,170 6,150 5,961

21.0 31.6 89.1 86.1 50.3

70.9 -3.6 25.0 11.1 -1.8

6.7 14.6 9.2 3.0 26.2

16 17 18 19 20

13 8 15 21 6

Georgia Inst, of Technology U of Delaware U of Florida New Mexico Inst, of Mining & Tech New Mexico State U

5,382 3,826 1,359 2,259 92

5,879 6,179 2,931 4,643 6,971

6,091 7,617 3,142 4,663 10,055

6,008 6,357 3,943 4,490 8,263

5,852 6,871 5,689 4,884 7,282

5,938 5,890 5,832 5,536 5,442

41.4 49.9 43.6 45.7 46.5

1.5 -14.3 2.5 13.3 -25.3

1.0 4.4 15.7 9.4 50.4

21 22 23 24 25

17 18 29 22 25

U of Washington, Seattle U of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign California Inst, of Technology U of California, Santa Barbara Ohio State U

2,133 1,692 1,746 2,280 873

1,802 1,896 3,598 4,240 3,209

5,378 2,296 3,600 5,020 3,228

4,962 4,556 3,865 4,930 3,497

5,237 5,219 4,195 4,766 4,605

5,324 5,160 5,105 4,995 4,962

51.7 58.2 54.3 78.2 23.7

1.7 -1.1 21.7 4.8 7.8

9.6 11.8 11.3 8.2 19.0

Total, first 25 institutions TOTAL, ALL INSTITUTIONS

$86,962 $152,059 $151,942 $155,711 $168,487 $183,351 53.4% $218,179 $317,186 $316,667 $327,074 $348,986 $374,310 52.0%

8.7% 7.3%

8.2% 5.5%

NOTE: Institutional fiscal years. SOURCES: National Science Foundation, 2002, Survey of Research and Development Expenditures at Universities and Colleges, 2000; WebCASPAR Database System

UNIVERSITY SPENDING FOR RESEARCH EQUIPMENT More than half went to instruments for life sciences work % FEDERAL FUNDS, 2000 56.3% 51.9 69.7 76.4 61.8 64.0 62.1 34.9

ANNUA l CHANGE 1990-2000 1999-2000 7.9% 3.5% 3.9 12.0 1.2 2.8 1.9 3.8 0.0 3.4 0.0 3.3 -12.0 1.3 36.1 4.8

$ MILLIONS ALL SCIENCES Life Physical Physics Chemistry Geosciences Math & computer Others

1990 $793 420 191 91 73 72 58 52

1996 $928 444 233 105 88 88 81 82

1997 $986 478 243 108 89 93 87 85

1998 $996 495 253 122 91 102 79 67

1999 $1,033 549 248 106 102 100 75 61

2000 $1,115 615 251 110 102 100 66 83

ALL ENGINEERING Materials Chemical

$220 27 18

$285 32 24

$301 36 23

$298 29 28

$286 28 27

$306 30 26

55.2% 63.3 50.0

7.0% 7.1 -3.7

3.4% 1.1 3.7

$1,013

$1,213

$1,287

$1,294

$1,319

$1,421

56.1%

7.7%

3.4%

TOTAL

NOTE: Institutional fiscal years. SOURCES: National Science Foundation, 2002, Survey of Research and Development Expenditures at Universities and Colleges, 2000; WebCASPAR Database System

46

C& EN

/

OCTOBER

28,

2002


CCnCDA I

CI I D D A D T CftD fÛ

Ιβΐ^^

!' ' «^ SUS

l : 1999 flr * "WWjPPwJHPjÏ *' y^^MÀÎ\i^\Vm M É ® 1 MfMWftmiW ,vv: i»i^':;: 41 peftfisylvaWt.SiiÉ^'Âiâ,.,» ,J^J^. S'fet- 6 EESSEHIHÏSCTIffirîîaea

1990

2000

.•:A..4'.r

S

724 - " S ^ H H » 1,764 ^ t; L'tstBll < 5,249 i,k η^||^1ρ|Γ>;

2

M. € f J J r a l É M e ^

8

y ,#.«6$; ^./v^spî'^p^p^'.Î.tjf,

1.120 φ^βΕ:

»HËifciftll:J!^

Ζ, Ι U Ο „r;v; ·\ « WfSlplir *

:Sâi 4

]

r'iAiltillrfinV' ι tVriir-

SifiWJ&i\'»

&z*ι1 JK

Hf

i

; «·- • ^ ;'

^MBf 457.9 1.424 :1W& 2,934 i, * < Μ β 4.554 i ¥ s * W Î ; 35.6 i,llil!!iSl! 8.599 S ï ï ^ i K ^ -33.9 9,174 , ; 5 t w ' 1,624:%^^^!' 4.169 Mmm 31.9 mJmkmi ViV

»^Bp|^

4,171 * $21,118

4.9%j&a»%T.

6,263 &£*&&:.

4,066 V Utwm 3,095

3,046 :

^.,3.3»T

1,981 ; : ; ^ 2 0 6 : 1.672 2,147 . - - . — - - · 2.700 ?,83% ..-$29,365 «30âHBS$33,528 : « U B K $43,836

3.9% ygKWK? " 8.4% 4^Η»ΒΓ MOTE:gscafi SOURCÉTNat

jâtfb^2002, ; F ^

2000;20ai;,ai

Research and D^>

FEDERAL OBLIGATIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT Despite some upswings, 2002 funding was 11% below the funding level for 1995 $ MILLIONS

Defense Air Force Navy Defense agencies Army National Aeronautics & Space Admin. Energy Health & Human Services Transportation Agriculture Environmental Protection Agency Commerce Nat. Inst, of Standards & Tech. All others TOTAL ANNUAL CHANGE

1995

1996

$29,598 10,963 8,083 5,731 4,567

$30,540 12,160 7,713 6,184 4,203

4,969 2,685 1,379 356

4,692 1,983 1,405 177

81 150 244 191 290 $39,752 1.4%

80 84 217 162 190 $39,393 -0.9%

1997

1998

1999

$30,978 $31,316 $31,504 13,258 13,135 13,102 7,954 7,330 7,334 5,800 6,106 6,388 4,191 4,111 4,220 5,142 2,036 1,557 146

5,154 2,086 1,883 165

5,168 2,090 2,200 190

99 107 126 83 96 94 142 195 142 129 93 89 266 225 231 $40,462 $41.179 $41,813 1.5% 2.7% 1.8%

2000

2001a

2002*

$28,247 $30,611 $29,215 9,141 9,673 9,959 8,354 8,631 8,737 6,757 5,292 5,742 5,339 4,353 5,394 2,918 1,962 513 123

2,809 2,130 654 195

2,838 1,818 680 164

135 147 150 92 100 93 141 136 91 96 65 47 263 281 269 $34,393 $37,062 $35,319 -17.7% 7.8% -4.7%

ANNUAL CHANGE 2001-02 1995-2002

-4.6% -5.5 1.2 -15.0 1.0

-0.1% -1.8 0.8 0.0 1.7

1.1 -14.7 4.0 -16.0

-5.4 -3.8 -6.8 -7.5

1.9 6.3 -7.0 -4.7 -32.7 -9.4 -27.8 -13.1 -4.2 -0.8 -4.7% -1.2%

NOTE: Fiscal years, a Estimates. SOURCE: National Science Foundation, 2002, 'Federal Funds for Research and Development: Fiscal Years 2000, 2001, and 2002"


C&EN / OCTOBER 28, 2002

55

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT FEDERAL OBLIGATIONS FOR BASIC RESEARCH Funding has grown almost 70% since 1995, and 73% of that increase has gone to NIH ANNUAL CHANGE $ MILLIONS

Health & Human Services National Institutes of Healthb National Science Foundation National Aeronautics & Space Admin/ Energy Defense Defense agencies Navy Air Force Army Agriculture Veterans Affairs Smithsonian Institution Environmental Protection Agency Commerce All others TOTAL ANNUAL CHANGE

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

$6,061 6,060 1,973 1,978 1,634

$6,505 6,504 2,007 1,981 1,930

$6,852 6,851 2,057 2,095 1,971

$7,355 7,354 2,119 2,024 2,029

$8,633 8,631 2,360 2,041 2,132

1,248 413 409 207 219

1,138 338 377 228 195

1,023 309 347 188 178

1,031 334 329 186 182

1,040 312 356 191 181

595 12 124 70 39 141 $13,877 2.6%

2001a

2000

550 604 743 590 13 120 148 14 127 120 90 130 57 52 51 57 49 38 39 40 125 115 151 121 $14,464 $14,942 $15,613 $17,444 11.7% 4.2% 4.5% 3.3%

2002a

2001-02

$10,055 $11,533 $12,969 11,532 10,054 12,968 2,799 2,540 2,796 2,657 2,548 2,305 2,176 2,369 2,339 1,230 417 354 253 205

1,916 1,087 386 239 205

1995-2002

12.4% 12.4 0.1 -4.1 -1.3

1,363 518 399 238 208

-28.8 -52.3 3.3 -0.2 1.8

808 907 849 153 158 149 98 100 102 104 98 59 46 48 53 121 121 103 $19,570 $22,705 $23,399 12.2% 16.0% 3.1%

-6.4 2.9 2.0 -6.5 11.5 -0.1 3.1%

11.5% 11.5 5.1 3.7 5.3 1.3 3.3 -0.4 2.0 -0.7 5.2 43.8 -2.8 4.8 4.5 -2.1 7.7%

NOTE: Fiscal years, a Estimates, b Beginning in fiscal 2000, NIH classified all of its development activities as research, c Beginning in 2000, NASA reclassified the space station as a physical asset and space station research as equipment, and transferred funding for the program from R&D to R&D plant. SOURCE: National Science Foundation, 2002. "Federal Funds for Research and Development: Fiscal Years 2000, 2001, and 2002"

When viewed by scientific discipline, spending for chemistry jumped 38% in 2000, chemical engineering fell 5% $ MILLIONS

Life sciences Physical sciences Physics Chemistry Environmental sciences Atmospheric sciences Oceanography Engineering Metallurgy & materials Chemical Mathematics & computer science Other sciences TOTAL ANNUAL CHANGE

ANNUAL CHANGE 1999-2000 1990-2000

mO

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

$5,178 2,662 1,474 502 1,275 444 300

$6,601 2,865 1,507 559 1,468 688 188

$6,879 2,863 1,546 551 1,554 671 309

$7,204 2,976 1,562 518 1,544 680 304

$7,853 2,941 1,580 518 1,529 655 286

$9,197 3,090 1,694 555 1,616 671 384

$10,049 3,471 1,764 766 1,838 717 365

9.3% 12.3 4.2 38.1 13.8 6.9 -4.9

6.9% 2.7 1.8 4.3 3.7 4.9 2.0

1,102 260 76 407 663 $11,286 6.4%

1,449 369 67 603 892 $13,877 2.6%

1,612 502 60 640 917 $14,464 4.2%

1,583 463 68 661 974 $14,942 3.3%

1,594 478 52 706 990 $15,613 4.5%

1,640 481 55 735 1,116 $17,394 11.4%

1,764 518 53 798 1,649 $19,570 12.5%

7.6 7.6 -4.7 8.6 47.8 12.5%

4.8 7.1 -3.6 7.0 9.5 5.7%

NOTE: Fiscal years. SOURCE: National Science Foundation, 2002, "Federal Funds for Research and Development: Fiscal Years 2000. 2001, and 2002"

At universities and colleges, chemistry funding rose 37% in 2000, while funding for all physical science was up just 8% $ MILLIONS

1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

ANNUAL CHANGE 1999-2000 1990-2000

Life sciences Physical sciences Physics Chemistry Engineering Metallurgy & materials Chemical

$3,068 829 424 276 458 122 33

$3,688 976 456 313 791 258 40

$4,013 1,000 476 302 797 244 38

$4,348 1,042 489 279 699 204 39

$4,571 1,012 480 273 722 204 45

$5,416 1,124 539 310 725 205 44

$5,685 1,217 527 423 834 234 44

5.0% 8.3 -2.2 36.5 15.0 14.1 0.0

6.4% 3.9 2.2 4.4 6.2 6.7 2.9

Environmental sciences Oceanography Atmospheric sciences Mathematics & computer science Other sciences TOTAL ANNUAL CHANGE

456 179 120 293 366 $5,470 5.9%

574 109 199 335 541 $6,905 -0.6%

612 202 152 432 559 $7,413 7.4%

620 204 190 401 552 $7,662 3.4%

603 186 154 438 562 $7,908 3.2%

653 233 188 484 660 $9,062 14.6%

748 226 171 558 980 $10,022 10.6%

14.5 -3.0 -9.0 15.3 48.5 10.6%

5.1 2.4 3.6 6.7 10.4 6.2%

NOTE: Fiscal years. SOURCES: National Science Foundation, 2002, Survey of Federal Funds for Research and Development, 2000-2002; WebCASPAR Database System

56

C & E N / OCTOBER 2 8 , 2 0 0 2


FEDERAL OBLIGATIONS FOR APPLIED RESEARCH NIH's spending rose U % in 2002 and NASA's increased to 7%, while DOD's fell 4% ANNUAL CHANGE $ MILLIONS

Health & Human Services National Institutes of Healthb Defense Defense Agencies Air Force Army Navy

2001 a

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

$4,015 3,274 2,950 1,219 628 633 471

$4,041 3,373 2,858 1,211 654 475 517

$4,376 3,669 2,787 1,088 629 532 539

$4,663 3,935 2,939 1,259 551 636 493

$5,082 4,244 3,102 1,344 573 667 518

$7,858 6,864 3,690 1,482 843 766 599

1,826 Energy National Aeronautics & Space Admin/ 2,068 Commerce 853 National Oceanic & Atmos. Admin. 510 Agriculture 704 Interior 477 324 Transportation Environmental Protection Agency 331 All others 1,010 TOTAL $14,558 ANNUAL CHANGE 4.2%

1,433 1,597 1,759 1,788 1,897 2,090 2,390 2,317 769 767 799 813 469 524 481 492 670 700 730 745 486 496 454 551 337 344 366 416 400 329 358 420 884 932 907 821 $13,796 $14,423 $15,310 $16,084 -5.2% 4.5% 6.1% 5.1%

2002a

2001-02 1995-2002

$9,168 $10,167 7,941 9,015 3,807 3,657 1,398 1,677 819 751 910 662 681 567

10.9% 13.5 -3.9 19.9 -8.3 -27.3 -16.6

12.5% 13.5 3.7 2.0 3.9 5.3 5.4

2,213 1,925 2,165 1,659 1,755 1,873 850 929 967 574 672 715 926 807 804 533 497 479 384 328 388 352 370 345 1,048 1,081 939 $18,901 $21,132 $21,928 17.5% 11.8% 3.8%

-2.2 6.7 4.1 6.3 -12.8 -10.2 1.0 -6.7 3.2 3.8%

2.8 -2.3 1.2 4.0 4.0 1.6 2.5 1.6 0.5 5.5%

NOTE: Fiscal years, a Estimates, b Beginning in fiscal 2000, NIH classified all of its development activities as research, c Beginning in 2000, NASA reclassified the space station as a physical asset and space station research as equipment, and transferred funding for the program from R&D to R&D plant. SOURCE: National Science Foundation, 2002, "Federal Funds for Research and Development: Fiscal Years 2000, 2001, and 2002"

Among the disciplines, funding for chemistry soared 77%, far outpacing other fields $ MILLIONS

Life sciences Engineering Metallurgy & materials Chemical Environmental sciences Atmospheric sciences Oceanography Mathematics & computer science Physical sciences Physics Chemistry All others TOTAL ANNUAL CHANGE

1990

2000

ANNUAL CHANGE 1999-2000 1990-2000

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

$3,652 3,125 294 166 899 330 220

$5,210 4,260 447 179 1,387 447 219

$5,185 4,069 487 155 1,466 415 265

$5,458 4,107 398 167 1,502 485 294

$5,704 4,301 311 138 1,533 519 274

$6,225 4,624 307 148 1,479 505 273

$7,916 4,582 400 144 1,490 387 308

27.2% -0.9 30.3 -2.7 0.7 -23.4 12.8

8.0% 3.9 3.1 -1.4 5.2 1.6 3.4

434 1,147 781 260 1,080 $10,337 1.7%

976 1,413 944 304 1,311 $14,557 4.8%

932 1,060 446 330 1,084 $13,796 -5.2%

1,010 1,173 506 328 1,173 $14,423 4.5%

1,131 1,268 552 301 1,372 $15,309 6.1%

1,246 976 528 260 1,534 $16,084 5.1%

1,407 1,317 641 460 2,189 $18,901 17.5%

12.9 34.9 21.4 76.9 42.7 17.5%

12.5 1.4 -2.0 5.9 7.3 6.2%

NOTE: Fiscal years. SOURCES: National Science Foundation, 2002, Survey of Federal Funds for Research and Development, 2000-2002;WebCASPAR Database System

Funding for all work at universities and colleges rose 50%; funding for chemistry more than doubled $ MILLIONS

1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

ANNUAL CHANGE 1999-2000 1990-2000

Life sciences Engineering Metallurgy & materials Chemical Physical sciences Chemistry Physics

$1,464 254 44 26 173 41 122

$1,955 300 60 30 218 50 134

$2,005 283 60 22 127 62 35

$2,218 289 58 24 122 62 33

$2,434 270 43 28 192 58 97

$2,675 321 36 30 199 71 90

$3,672 449 47 36 344 199 49

37.3% 39.9 30.6 20.0 72.9 180.3 -45.6

4.7% 2.9 0.3 1.6 3.5 8.2 -4.5

Mathematics & computer science Environmental sciences Atmospheric sciences Oceanography All others TOTAL ANNUAL CHANGE

122 33 10 3 271 $2,317 0.5%

200 41 9 2 338 $3,052 2.7%

219 45 6 8 251 $2,930 -4.2%

171 52 15 12 265 $3,117 6.0%

186 49 11 11 272 $3,403 8.4%

179 43 15 8 296 $3,713 8.3%

235 162 15 8 705 $5,567 33.3%

31.3 276.7 0.0 0.0 138.2 49.9%

3.3 8.3 2.0 5.0 4.9 4.5%



C & E N / OCTOBER 2 8 . 2002

57

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

FEDERAL OBLIGATIONS FOR CHEMICAL RESEARCH BY AGENCY Whopping increase for NIH meant its share of the total rose from 22% in 1999 to just under 50% in 2000 $ MILLIONS

1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

National Institutes of Health Energy National Science Foundation Defense

$112.2 189.2 133.2 121.0

$137.4 216.7 U9.8 U2.4

$137.2 267.0 148.2 108.2

$147.9 236.9 128.8 112.7

$158.7 236.8 124.0 124.3

$181.0 189.6 143.5 105.6

$594.3 202.1 142.4 98.3

Agriculture National Aeronautics & Space Admin. Commerce Interior All others TOTAL ANNUAL CHANGE

67.8 35.9 25.0 22.9 5/1.5 $761.7 -2.7%

84.6 49.5 43.5 32.3 7.3 $863.5 -1.3%

87.0 49.6 47.0 34.0 2.9 $881.1 2.0%

89.0 50.6 43.2 34.5 2.2 $845.8 -4.0%

82.2 48.3 41.6 0.9 2.2 $819.0 -3.2%

84.8 48.4 48.6 0.5 12.9 $814.9 -0.5%

77.6 51.3 46.9 0.0 12.7 $1,225.6 50.4%

ANNUAL CHANGE 1999-2000 1990-2000

228.3% 6.6 -0.8 -6.9

18.1% 0.7 0.7 -2.1

1.4 -8.5 6.0 3.6 -3.5 6.5 -100.0 -100.0 -1.6 -13.6 50.4% 4.9%


In 2000, NIH overtook NSF as the leading provider of academic chemical research funds $ MILLIONS

National Institutes of Health National Science Foundation Energy Defense Agriculture National Aeronautics & Space Admin. TOTAL ANNUAL CHANGE

1999

2000

ANNUAL CHANGE 1999-2000 1990-2000

1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

$79.8 130.6 44.7 41.9

$80.7 145.0 43.0 63.6

$82.3 146.9 47.7 62.3

$91.9 125.7 45.5 39.5

$97.9 122.7 44.3 38.6

$112.8 142.4 51.2 36.6

$354.4 141.2 53.1 45.7

214.2% -0.8 3.7 24.9

16.1% 0.8 1.7 0.9

14.4 6.0 $317.4 6.6%

24.8 5.8 $363.0 -3.7%

21.6 3.1 $364.0 0.3%

26.2 12.0 $340.9 -6.3%

17.5 10.4 $331.4 -2.8%

22.3 15.4 $380.7 14.9%

20.5 7.5 $622.5 63.5%

-8.1 -51.3 63.5%

3.6 2.3 7.0%


NIH, Energy, and NSF provided over 75% of federal support for basic chemical research in 2000 $ MILLIONS

National Institutes of Health Energy National Science Foundation Defense National Aeronautics & Space Admin. Agriculture Commerce All others TOTAL ANNUAL CHANGE

1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

ANNUAL CHANGE 1999-2000 1990-2000

$87.1 128.7 127.9 65.5 27.7

$106.1 129.8 139.8 90.1 41.0

$90.3 142.4 140.6 81.3 42.4

$92.3 130.4 124.2 68.6 43.2

$103.4 137.8 118.9 68.4 39.8

$121.4 137.0 136.0 63.4 40.2

$316.2 146.2 134.1 67.5 45.4

160.5% 6.7 -1.4 6.5 12.9

35.4 9.4 20.4 $502.1 -0.5%

39.4 11.6 1.6 $559.4 3.5%

40.1 12.4 1.2 $550.7 -1.6%

42.0 11.8 5.3 $517.8 -6.0%

38.8 9.7 0.7 $517.5 -0.1%

41.4 11.5 3.7 $554.6 7.2%

43.0 10.4 3.0 $765.8 38.1%

3.9 2.0 -9.6 1.0 -18.9 -17.4 38.1% 4.3%

13.8% 1.3 0.5 0.3 5.1


Large 37% increase for basic chemical academic research followed on the heels of 1999's 13% rise $ MILLIONS

National Institutes of Health National Science Foundation Energy Defense Agriculture National Aeronautics & Space Admin. TOTAL ANNUAL CHANGE

ANNUAL CHANGE 1999-2000 1990-2000

1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

$64.9 125.8 35.2 37.5

$62.2 138.4 37.3 60.6

$55.5 139.6 43.3 52.7

$61.8 121.1 42.0 30.3

$65.1 117.6 39.6 33.8

$77.3 134.9 46.5 37.0

$188.4 133.1 44.9 40.9

143.7% -1.3 -3.4 10.5

11.2% 0.6 2.5 0.9

6.7 5.8 $276.0 6.8%

9.6 5.2 $313.3 -3.2%

8.4 2.9 $302.4 -3.5%

11.8 11.5 $278.6 -7.9%

7.2 9.9 $273.2 -1.9%

9.0 7.2 $309.7 13.4%

9.0 7.0 $423.2 36.6%

0.0 -2.8 36.6%

3.0 1.9 4.4%


58

C & E N / OCTOBER 2 8 . 2 0 0 2


FEDERAL OBLIGATIONS FOR APPLIED CHEMICAL RESEARCH BY AGENCY Huge rise in NIH funding offset cuts of 20% or more at Agriculture, Defense, and NASA ANNUAL CHANGE $ MILLIONS

1990

$25.1 National Institutes of Health 60.5 Energy 15.6 Commerce 32.4 Agriculture 55.4 Defense 5.3 National Science Foundation 8.2 National Aeronautics & Space Admin. 57.1 All others $259.6 TOTAL -6.6% ANNUAL CHANGE

1995

1996

1997

1998

$31.3 86.9 31.9 45.3 52.3 10.0 8.5 37.9 $304.1 -9.0%

$46.9 124.6 34.6 46.9 26.9 7.6 7.2 35.7 $330.4 8.6%

$51.6 106.5 31.4 47.0 44.2 4.6 7.3 35.3 $327.9 -0.8%

$55.3 99.0 31.9 43.4 55.9 5.1 8.5 2.4 $301.5 -8.1%

2000

1999-2000 1990-2000

$278.2 55.8 36.5 34.6 30.8 8.3 5.9 9.7 $459.8 76.6%

27.2% 366.0% 6.1 -0.8 8.9 -1.6 -20.3 0.7 -5.7 -27.2 10.7 4.6 -3.2 -28.0 2.1 -16.2 5.9% 76.6%

1999

$59.7 52.6 37.1 43.4 42.3 7.5 8.2 9.5 $260.3 -13.7%


NIH dwarfed other supporters of academic applied chemical research at universities and colleges ANNUAL CHANGE $ MILLIONS

National Institutes of Health Agriculture Energy National Science Foundation Defense National Aeronautics & Space Admin. TOTAL ANNUAL CHANGE

1990

1995

$U.9 7.7 9.5 4.8 4.3 0.1 $41.3 5.4%

$18.5 15.3 5.7 6.6 3.0 0.6 $49.7 -6.0%

1996

$26.9 13.2 4.4 7.3 9.6 0.2 $61.6 23.9%

1997

1998

$30.1 14.4 3.5 4.6 9.2 0.6 $62.4 1.3%

$32.8 10.3 4.7 5.1 4.8 0.5 $58.2 -6.7%

1999

2000

1999-2000

1990-2000

$35.5 13.3 4.7 7.5 1.8 8.2 $71.0 22.0%

$165.9 11.5 8.2 8.2 4.8 0.5 $199.1 180.4%

367.3% -13.5 74.5 9.3 166.7 -93.9 180.4%

27.3% 4.1 -1.5 5.5 1.1 17.5 17.0%

NOTE: Fiscal years, a Estimates. SOURCES: National Science Foundation, 2002, Survey of Federal Funds for Research and Development, 2000-2002; WebCASPAR Database System

FEDERAL OBLIGATIONS FOR R&D PLANT Big boost in NIH support was not enough to balance declines in funding at most other agencies ANNUALPHANQE 2000

2001 a

$360 866 253 250 174 131 119

$2,873 811 220 217 217 87 75

$2,752 963 237 232 263 100 85

66 21

108 20

48 201

124 61

21 89 $1,813 -5.9%

20 135 $2,046 12.8%

201 38 $4,493 119.6%

61 55 $4,554 1.4%

$ MILLIONS

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

National Aeronautics & Space Admin.* Energy Health & Human Services National institutes of Health National Science Foundation Agriculture Agricultural Research Service

$625 745 256 249 290 143 68

$417 706 133 127 187 128 68

$334 729 260 245 204 184 119

$350 727 286 257 184 90 86

61 78

47 85

86 43

77 59 $2,256 1.8%

85 43 $1,746 -22.6%

22 87 $1,927 10.3%

Defense Commerce National Inst, of Standards & Technology All others TOTAL ANNUAL CHANGE

2002*

2001-02 1995-2002

$2,437 -11.4% 21.5% 1.0 973 3.9 414 74.5 7.1 407 75.4 7.3 209 -20.4 -4.5 5.9 106 -4.3 7.0 91 4.3 89 -28.0 21 -65.6

5.7 -17.1

21 -65.6 -17.0 44 -19.5 -4.1 $4,293 -5.7% 9.6% -5.7%

NOTE: Fiscal years, a Estimates, b Beginning in 2000, NASA reclassified the space station as a physical asset and space station research as equipment, and transferred funding for the program from R&D to R&D plant. SOURCE: National Science Foundation, 2002, "Federal Funds for Research and Development: Fiscal Years 2000, 2001, and 2002"


C & E N / OCTOBER 2 8 , 2002

59

PATENTS & LITERATURE DRIVEN BASF chemist Markus Holzle works on a high-performance catalyst for fuel-cell vehicles.

A YEAR OF RECOVERY Strong growth in patents and journal abstracts in 2001 reverses previous year's declines

A

S MEASURED BY ISSUANCE OF

patents and publication of abstracts, research output in the U.S. took a dive in 2000. But it made a strong comeback in 2001. The number of chemistry patents rose, as did the number of biotechnology patents. The chemical literature also expanded. The number of chemistry-related journal articles abstracted in the Chemical Abstracts index grew 5.8% last year to 606,679, according to Chemical Abstracts Service. That brought the total to its highest level ever, more than making up for the prior year's decline. The U.S. contribution to the literature shrank slightly The nation's authors were responsible for 23.0%, or 139,284, of the abstracts, down from 23.8% in 2000 Japan accounted for the next largest portion in 2001, witha 13.1% share, or 79,213 abstracts. Neither country's output grew much in 2001: The U.S. eked out growth of just 2.2%, and Japan showed an increase of 3.0% compared with 2000. India showed the biggest jump in output in 2001, with its 60

C & E N / OCTOBER 28. 2002

15,074 abstracts representing an increase of 16.9% over the prior year's volume. The breakdown of the literature according to subject varies little from year to year. Biochemistry maintained its dominant role, accounting for 42% of abstracts published in 2001. Abstracts of papers

related to physical, inorganic, and analytical chemistry edged up to 27%. Applied chemistry represented 20%. Macromolecular chemistry and organic chemistry accounted for the remainder, with 6% and 5% shares, respectively The U.S. Patent & Trademark Office (PTO) uses different category headings to describe patent activity. The chemical sector accounted for 45,788 patents in 2001, and the biotechnology field was responsible for an additional 8,816 patents. Biotech's 10.1% rise in 2001 nearly overcame the decline seen in 2000, when the number of patents assigned fell to 8,009 from the previous year's 8,862. But the 2001 figure is still below the high of 8,941 in 1998. Nevertheless, all of these numbers are impressive when compared with the output of a decade ago, when just 2,746 biotech patents were issued. Inventors based in the U.S. authored nearly two-thirds of the U.S. biotech patents assigned last year. Japanese inventors came in a distant second, authoring just 7% of the patents. Germany and the U.K. tied for third place at 4%. Among other players in the field, the greatest increase in patent assignments in 2001 versus 2 0 0 0 occurred for authors based in Australia (an increase of 58.1%), Switzerland (up 33.3%), and Sweden (26.9%). U.S. authors posted a solid 10.1% expansion in 2001 and an average 13.1% annual increase for the past decade. While most countries enjoyed gains last year, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Italy slipped, with patents declining 28.9%, 17.4%, and 5.0%, respectively

PATENT PROVENANCE Almost two-thirds of U.S. biotechnology patents and about half of U.S. chemical patents originated in the U.S. Netherlands 2%

Other 12%

2001 U.S. biotechnology patents issued = 8,816

South , x/ Canada Korea Other 0% U.K. 2% 2% U.S. 3% ,51% Taiwan 3% France 3% Germany 8% Japan 18% 2001 U.S. chemical patents issued = 45,788

NOTE: Origin of patent is based on address of inventor whose name is first on patent grant. SOURCE: U.S. Patent & Trademark Office

H T T P : / / P U B S . ACS.ORG/CEN

Just two countries produced more than 15 biotech patents per million in popula tion in 2001: Denmark, which had 257, and the U.S., which had 20.9. Patent ownership—which is detenriined by the address of the company named on the patent grant—shows a U.S. share sim ilar to that of patent authorship. In 2001, 67.6% of biotech patents were assigned to U.S. entities. Most went to US. corpo rations, though 7.6% were assigned to individuals. The geographic origin and ownership of US. chemical patents is much more evenly divided between U.S. and non-US. entities. Half of the patents were authored by US. inventors in 2001. Japan had the next largest share, 18%, followed by Ger many's 8% portion of the pie. The four countries that earned more than 50 chemical patents per million in population were the U.S., with 8 5 3 ; Switzerland, with 71.1; Taiwan, with 70.2; and Japan, with 64.5.

ABSTRACTION Biochemistry vm by far the hottest subjectforchemistry papers Organic Biochemistry 5%v 42% Macromolecular 6%

Physical, inorganic & analytical 27% 2001 abstracts «606,679 NOTE» Abstracts of papers published in Chemical Abstracts. SOURCE: Chemical Abstracts Service

Although U.S. authors dominated in terms of output, they only managed an ex pansion of 5.7% compared with patents as signed in 2 0 0 0 . Countries showing the

most growth in 2001 included Austria (50.8% growth), Australia (46.1%), and Finland (35.1%). Growth in 2001 more than overcame the drop in the total number of U.S. chem ical patents issued in 2 0 0 0 . Assigned patents reached 45,788, up 8.2% from 2000. Last year's performance also best ed the 7 0 % growth in 1998-99. Ownership of US. chemical patents by non-US.-based entities continues to rise. Their share grew to 46.3% in 2001, the highest it's been since dropping to 43.2% back in 1997 As with biotech patents, most are assigned to corporations. But 8.4% of the chemical patents assigned to U.S. en tities go to individuals. Among the individual companies tracked by C&EN, leaders in terms of chemical patents earned in 2001 include DuPont, with 418; Procter & Gamble, with 316; 3M, with 293; Pfizer, with 245; and Dow Chemical, with 216, according to P T O statistics.

OWNERS OF U.S BOITECHNOLOGY PATENTS Foreign share resumed growth in 2001 after a year's pause 1991

jiff!

rgjanajSM 1995

1993

pjtfc

f f W

1997

1j»j

1999

J^JP

1,755 jjaWjM 2,349 p f f l j 2,315 Ι ^ Ι ί 4,415 I l l p l 6,026

'ma^ÊKÊ^mÊm 1.509 « f i l 2,057 mm. 2,001 ïxam 3,933 Mm 5,428 to U,S. g 51 96 m 98 aiffi 141 m i 190 1 9 5m ϋ1ϋΙ 196jaBg|i 216 a % | - : 341 :^38& 408: ;,;..tQ;;MKiiip^l p p f l l l

5,366

tojniiviii^l^ TOTAL

%TORII6H

4501

1991-2001

13.0%

•wÊËËMmm~iïi

143; fffSigfi

β

'tomforeign governments

MMf

2001

5,9591

10.9

aafe

8.7

991 pjjÉg 1,279 1,203 1,306^562; 1,890 2,77f 2,836 f j ^ t t 2,857 ψ^βΕ0ί 850 i m p 1,121 *wy ^^76 mm$ 1,720 2,49s 2,543 mmê 2,584âÈmï$0M

11-2 11.8

112 134 135 250 253 5 143 3,628 &435 3,621 4**32 6,305 6,941 8,862 ftWS 8,816 ξ

12.4%

3oliliË

31 îm:.

wi^m

127

m 2,746 36.1%11

35.3% 3&P% 36.1% mm

27 '•'&$& tem.hm 2ommm&m^ -4.0 8.6 mm

30.0% afcfljfe 32.0% Wm$* 32.4%

NOTE: Patent ownership for corporations is based on aiWress of company named on patent grant, a Data are for patente

SSlWWii'^B^ OWNERS OF U.S. CHEMICAL PATENTS Foreign share in 2001 was higher than it had been in a decade

1991

1992

1993

NUMBER OF PATENTS ASSIGNED9 1997 1998 1994 1995 1996

1999

2000

2001

15,035 16,271 16,911 16,245 16,011 17,264 19,183 22,736 24,315 23,284 24,573 U.S. to U.S. corporations in U.S. > 13,412 14,417 15,102 14,482 14,098 15,335 17,183 20,321 21,727 21,020 22,134 437 347 369 to U.S. government 377 420 353 416 414 406 362 327 to individuals in U.S. 1,270 1,438 1,395 1,357 1,551 1,602 1,623 1,995 2,151 1,917 2,070 Foreign to corporations abroadb to foreign governments to individuals abroad TOTAL % FOREIGN

12,572 11,644 202 726 27,607 45.5%

13,109 12,186 193 • 730 29,380 44.6%

13,726 12,868 180 678 30,637 44.8%

12,948 12,167 113 668 29,193 44.4%

13,303 12,477 82 744 29,314 45.4%

13,345 12,549 100 696 30,609 43.6%

14,577 17,770 13,679 16,701 121 131 777 938 33,760 40,506 43.2% 43.9%

19,012 17,922 88 1,002 43,327 43.9%

19,035 18,093 58 884 42,319 45.0%

21,215 20,112 55 1,048 45,788 46.3%

ANNUAL CHANGE 2000-01 1991-2001

5.5% 5.3 6.3 8.0

5.0% 5.1 0.4 5.0

11.5 11.2 -5.2 18.6 8.2%

5.4 5.6 -12.2 3.7 5.2%

NOTE: Patent ownership for corporations is based on address of company named on patent grant, a Includes patents issued in those technology subclasses that the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office classifies as chemical, b Includes patents issued to small businesses, nonprofit organizations, and universities. SOURCE: U.S. Patent & Trademark Office, "Technology Assessment and Forecast Report, Chemical Classes," 2002


C&EN

/ OCTOBER

28. 2002

61

PATENTS & LITERATURE

ORIGIN OF U.S. BIOTECHNOLOGY PATENTS With 65% of output in 2001, U.S. retained its dominance NUMBER OF PATENTS ISSUED3

POPULATION, MILLIONS (2000)

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

ANNUAL CHANGE

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2000-01 10.1%

1991-2001

U.S.

275.4

1,678

1,936

2,217

2,140

2,223

2,995

4,270

5,922

5,876

5,233

5,759

Japan

126.9

340

466

471

428

427

445

462

713

607

530

598

12.8

5.8

82.2

167

191

199

163

212

237

280

367

388

372

385

3.5

8.7

Germany

13.1%

U.K.

59.8

78

78

93

118

104

140

223

304

320

299

319

6.7

15.1

Canada

30.8

57

66

77

68

90

116

183

255

303

286

305

6.6

18.3

France

58.9

125

106

112

91

107

146

216

275

254

231

265

14.7

7.8

Netherlands

15.9

48

75

97

98

62

76

106

176

177

218

155

-28.9

12.4

Denmark

5.3

16

20

22

36

42

62

79

135

118

132

136

3.0

23.9

Australia

19.2

37

26

27

36

46

52

66

111

104

86

136

58.1

13.9

Switzerland

7.2

30

34

58

37

41

44

68

73

64

66

88

33.3

11.4

Sweden

8.9

15

26

25

19

34

36

51

75

79

67

85

26.9

18.9

Israel

5.8

16

38

55

31

47

48

36

87

96

71

84

18.3

18.0

Belgium

10.3

13

13

17

26

20

41

40

94

86

86

71

-17.4

18.5

Italy

57.2

48

58

57

43

50

49

58

74

80

60

57

-5.0

1.7

na

78

90

101

101

116

145

167

280

310

272

373

37.1

16.9

2,746

3,223

3,628

3,435

3,621

4,632

6,305

8,941

8,862

8,009

8,816

10.1%

12.4%

Other TOTAL

NOTE: Origin of patent is based on address of inventor whose name is first on patent grant, a Data are for patents issued in those technology subclasses that the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office generally classifies as biotechnology based, na = not available. SOURCES: Patent data are from U.S. Patent & Trademark Office, "Technology Profile Report, Patent Examining Technology Center Groups 1630-1660, Biotechnology,' 2002. Population data are from the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development and the Central Intelligence Agency

ORIGIN OF U.S. CHEMICAL PATENTS Total number of patents expanded again after a dip in 2000 POPULATION, MILLIONS (2000)

_

NUMBER OF PATENTS ISSUED 1991

1992

14,119 15,436

1993

1994

1995

ANNUAL CHANGE

1996

1997

1998

1999

15,411 15,188 16,449

18,350

21,578

23,134

2000

2001

22,231 23,489

U.S.

275.4

Japan

126.9

5,815

6,242

6,794

6,419

6,115

5,940

6,138

7,402

7,719

7,559

8,189

16,053

2000-01

1991-2001

5.7%

5.2%

8.3

3.5

Germany

82.2

2,663

2,700

2,583

2,383

2,489

2,475

2,584

3,165

3,106

3,158

3,469

9.8

2.7

Taiwan

22.2

71

93

146

202

304

349

420

655

913

1,261

1,558

23.6

36.2

France

58.9

1,000

1,002

1,025

922

999

970

1,150

1,377

1,449

1,369

1,499

9.5

4.1 3.4

U.K.

59.8

969

906

878

804

902

839

1,066

1,309

1,381

1,260

1,360

7.9

Canada

30.8

463

538

531

524

563

626

661

802

920

906

954

5.3

7.5

South Korea

47.0

83

102

164

190

302

328

424

624

736

770

937

21.7

27.4

Italy

57.2

426

429

494

451

413

427

431

498

510

504

533

5.8

2.3

7.2

474

429

450

412

436

419

449

463

510

452

512

13.3

0.8

Switzerland

15.9

337

287

319

299

232

221

263

394

431

416

439

5.5

2.7

Sweden

8.9

156

150

161

155

202

214

255

308

363

334

411

23.1

10.2

Netherlands Belgium

10.3

165

176

203

195

226

268

327

379

384

402

406

1.0

9.4

Australia

19.2

124

93

92

130

136

124

154

213

237

193

282

46.1

8.6

Denmark

5.3

71

81

90

96

96

107

174

211

260

232

233

0.4

12.6

Finland

5.2

118

139

107

88

114

143

146

151

172

148

200

35.1

5.4

Israel

5.8

88

99

105

87

87

146

123

165

195

187

196

4.8

8.3

Austria

8.1

103

112

84

69

91

105

141

138

157

118

178

50.8

5.6

Other

na

362

366

358

356

419

459

504

674

750

819

943

15.1

10.0

TOTAL

27,607 29,380 30,637 29,193 29,314 30,609 33,760 40,506 43,327

42,319 45,788

8.2%

5.2%

NOTE: Origin of patent is based on address of inventor whose name is first on patent grant, a Includes patents issued in those technology subclasses that the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office classifies as chemical, na = not available. SOURCES: Patent data are from the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office, "Technology Assessment and Forecast Report, Chemical Classes," 2002. Population data are from the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development and the Central Intelligence Agency

62

C & E N / OCTOBER 2 8 . 2002


llPIISl 1991 132,256 56,637 18,173 33,189 25,801 0

:mm&mm

tâÉfcoCnjna Germany U.K, Russia1» 1;

19,178 10,758 12,209 13,502 6,546 6.6U

Γ Γ 3 ^ $ Λ ; ; . v;

•:««'^&.r;:;.-:-,

:

!

ί*$$^%«ΊΪ& 'Canada:' -f:$^ Spain Poland

^••Mêm r:fP$BS^ ; >iSfeS&r' 20,238 ..:.i;liP%i

ïimpœi •

w

•%mih.

k^fffpijp: 1^2é? 1&é87 7.078

mmm^.

1993 : 126,207 152,191 59,582 : Η"*!ΐ8^ΙΛϊ8ίγ 72,285 19,491 1t^SSm$M 34,591 43,134 33,510 25,787 •^teârgs^*' 31,024 24,129 •:ζ^ι^φΆ 27,967

FACTS & FIGURES FOR CHEMICAL R&D - C&EN Global Enterprise

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