RESEARCH RESULTS . . . immediately auailable All manuscripts listed here are being considered for possible publication in one of the I&EC quarterlies. They are available to I&EC subscribers at reproduction and handling cost, at any time prior to publication in a quarterly. Papers withdrawn from consideration will generally remain available for 90 days if authors approve. A Research Results Service manuscript shculd be treated as a personal communication. Reference to its content in any publication should have the author’s approval. Please use the printed coupon, and include payment with your order.
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Ms. No..
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(Payable to American Chemical Society) Send to: Research Results Service, I&EC 1155 Sixteenth Street, N.W. Washington 6, D.C.
SUBSCRIBER’S ~VAME, ............................ ADD RE^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Simultaneous Determination of Reaction Order and Rate Constant from Kinetic Data
Heat Transfer Effects to Gas-Solids Mixtures Using Solid Spherical Particles of Fixed Size
J . L. Latham, Harris College, and B. Nam, Imperial Chemzcal
Leonard Farbar and Creighton A . Depew, University of California
Induhies, Ltd., England A general “method to apply to reactions of any order between two reactants. No prior assumptions are needed concerning order or stoichiometry of reaction. Numerical integration technique provides “characteristic curve” directly from experimental data.
MS. 62-60
7 pages, including 1 fgure, 2 tables
8 I .oo
Effects of particle size on heat transfer from an isothermal tube wall established. Particles in ZOO-micron size range show none but below 140 micron, effects were increasing and substantial. Heat transfer factor appears to increase in linear manner with solids loading ratio, but is not affected at ratios below 1.0.
Ms. 62-71
19 pages, including 6figures
Stability of the Uron Ring in Wash-Wear Finishing of Cotton
Investigations of Fluidized Reduction of Iron Ores
Richard L. Arceneaux and J. David Reid, Southern Regional Research Laboratory
A . P. Kerschbaum, Armco Steel Corporation
Fabrics treated with pure N,N’-bis(methoxymethy1)uron have good wrinkle resistance and are resistant to chlorine damage after repeated home-type and high temperature alkaline launderings. The uron ring in N,N‘-dimethyluron is unstable under acid conditions used in applying cross-linking agents to cotton. Reasons are suggested, and properties of fabric treated with pure and crude products given.
M s . 62-66
15 pages, including 7 figure, 2 tables
82.00
s2.00
Experiments indicate fluidization is affected by ore characteristics, reduction temperature, superficial and mass velocity of fluidizing gas, and composition of reducing gas. Data obtained can be analyzed in same manner drying data are correlated.
Ms. 62-78
20pages, including 7fgures, 1 table
$2.00
Prediction of the Effects of Hydrocarbon Injection on Blasl Furnace Operation
H.E. W Burnside, Esso Research and Engineering Company Direct Reduction of Uranium Hexafluoride to Uranium Metal by Use of Sodium
C. D . Scott, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Reaction vessel developed for direct and continuous reduction of UFOto metal with batch collection of products; experimental tests establish chemical feasibility of process. U p to 93.5% uranium content recovery in form of metal button of acceptable purity. Compatible materials of construction are a problem.
Ms. 62-67
16pages, includmg Sjgures, 7 table
82.00
Sulfonic Type Cation-Exchange Resins as Desiccants
C. Elmer Wymore, Dow Chemical Company Ethanol and l,l,l-trichloroethane used as examples of relatively polar and nonpolar liquids. Best resin tested will dry nonpolar organic liquids to less than 1 p.p m. of water and exhibit high capacities. Influence of water concentration in feed, cross linking, flow rate, and temperature on capacity shown.
Ms. 62-68
2 9 pages, including 72fgures, 3 tables
$3.00
Removal of Contaminants from Cracking Catalysts by Ion Exchange
Sources of heat in a hypothetical blast furnace evaluated and compared. Reasons given for wide range of coke-fuel displacement ratios. Operating data from commercial blast furnace used in evaluating blast additives.
M s . 62-80
38pages, including S f g u r e s , 14 tables
84.00
Some Recent Advances in Hydrocracking
Alexis Voorhies, Jr., and W. M . Smith, Esso Research Laboratories A new catalyst consisting of a noble metal on a new support is operable at 1500 p.s.i. with feeds containing 40 p.p.m. nitrogen. Yields and qualities fully equivalent to those with conventional catalyst. Pilot plant data fully confirmed in large adiabatic unit with hydrogen recycle, with reactor temperature control simulating commercial practice. Catalyst operable for short time with feed containing up to 1000-2000 p.p.m. nitrogen; ultimate life at this nitrogen level not yet established.
Ms. 62e87
20pages, including Gfgures, 7 tables
The Stability of Adiabatic Packed Bed Reactors. Elementary Treatment
$2.00 An
Shean-lin Liu and Neal R. Amundson, University of Minnesota
Active contaminants can be removed by contacting contaminated catalyst, in slurry form, with ion exchange resin. T h e pH of the slurry is main factor determining effectiveness and stability of treated catalyst.
Problem of stability considered for simple model. Mass and heat transfer resistances lumped at particle surface, and the only intraparticle effect that of chemical reaction. Under certain conditions there are nonunique temperature and concentration profiles, and there may be a multiple infinite set of profiles. Calculations made for a series of initial temperatures.
Ms. 62-69
M S 62-82
L. N . Leum and J . E. Connor, Jr., Atlantic Refining Company
77 pages, including 5 j g i o e s , 4 tables
S2.00
4 6 pages, including 17figures VOL. 5 4
45.00
NO. 6 J U N E 1 9 6 2
89
These spark plug boots turn back ozone attack-with WING-STAY loo! Seal the connection between spark plug and wire with a rubber boot, and you end one problem-moistt u r e t h a t causes shorts. But you another: the O z o n e produced by the system attacks the rubber.
To solve this problem, a leading manufacturer uses
WING-STAY 100 in his neoprene compound. Result : WING-STAY 100 reduces the need for waxes in the compound which f r e q u e n t l y produced s u r f a c e defects that caused rejects.
If you're looking f o r a high-quality antioxidant and antiozonant, check WING-STAY 100. For details, write Goodyear, Chemical Division, Dept. R-9420, Akron 16, Ohio.
Photo taken wlth Cooperation of Stalwart Rubber Company, Bedford, Ohigl
Wing-Stay-T.X. The Goodyear Tire Y Rubber CompmY, Akron, O h i o
GO o D~TEAR CHEMICALS
Circle No. 23 on Readers' Service Card
90
INDUSTRIAL A N D ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
RESEARCH RESULTS
Physical Factors Affecting the Weather Resistance of Asphalt Coatings
J . J . Heithaus, Shell Oil Company T h e weather resistance of coating-grade asphalts was found to correlate with the viscosity of the maltene phase of the asphalt. Asphalts with maltenes of high viscosity were most weather resistant. I t is postulated that the reactions leading to embrittlement of the coating are largely diffusion controlled.
M s . 62-83
13 pages, including 5$gures, 4 tables
$2.00
Heat Transfer to liquid Films under Vacuum on a Horizontal Plate
Graham B . Stiles and William D . Harris, Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas Experimental work on effect of variation of pressure (250 to 4500 microns of mercury), liquid depth to l/z inches), and heat flux (130 to 4100 B.t.u. per hr. sq. ft.) on heat transfer. Effect of variation of heat flux similar to that at higher pressures. Larger bubble volumes reduced heat transfer, variation of liquid depth had little effect.
M s . 62-85
20 pages, including 7 j g u r e s , 1 table
$2.00
Oxidative Dealkylation of Aikylaromatic Hydrocarbons. I. Detection of Naphthalene as a Product in the Vapor-Phase Air Oxidations of Monomethylnaphthalenes and Cimethylnaphthalenes over Vanadia
C. J . Norton and T . E. Moss, The Ohio Oil Company Naphthalene shown to be a n isolatable reaction product which may be obtained in significant yields, is probably also a de facto intermediate in catalytic vapor-phase air oxidation of methylnaphthalenes to phthalic anhydride. Methylnaphthalenes more readily and completely oxidized than naphthalene under comparable reaction conditions.
M s . 62-87
30 pages, including 3 j g u r e s , 7 tables
Electrochemical Reduction of Potentials
Nitrobenzene at
$3.00
Controlled
W . H . Hardwood, Continental Oil Company, Ray M. Hurd and Wade H . Jordan, Jr., Texas Research Associates Potential control to f l mv. achieved by instrument capable of supplying high currents to obtain sufficient quantities of product for analysis. Four out of nine possible products obtained in measurable quantities. Composition of product mix a sensitive function of both potential and length of electrolysis. M s . 62-88
30pages, including 5 tables, 8 j g u r e s
83.00
A Reduced State Correlation for the Enskog Modulus of Substances of Simple Molecular Structure
Gediminas Damasius and George Thodos, Northwestern Uniuersily Correlation between Enskog modulus b p x , and reduced pressure and temperature for substances having critical compressibility factors of about 0.291. From value of Enskog modulus a t critical point for argon, a generalized correlation resuIted for substances having different compressibility factors.
MS.62-91
10 pages, including 4jgures
61.00
Swelling of Nitrocellulose by Plaslicizers
Alan L. Woodman and Arnold Adicof, U . S. Naual Ordnance Test Station
A comparison of 11 solvating and plasticizing compounds frequently used with nitrocellulose. No strong correlation between cohesive energy density and plasticizing ability noted. Explanation offered for previously encountered plasticizer bleedout problems. Nitrocellulose cross linking discussed. Ms.
62-94
10 pages, including Z j g u r e s , 2 tables
61.00
CARBORUNDUM Virtually every requirement in catalyst carriers can b e met w i t h Carborundum’s complete line of ceramic-bonded crystalline materials. Various shapes, sizes, densities, surface structures and porosities provide a wide choice to meet individual needs. Materials include fused alpha aluminum oxide, hexagonal (alpha) silicon carbide, silica and fused mullite, Exacting controls insure uniformity.
COMPLETE TEST KIT AVAILABLE Representative samples of symmetrical and poly-surface pellets in a variety of compositions a n d pore sizes are contained in the test kit illustrated, available at a nominal charge of $15. Kit contains 16 80 cc vials.
A request on your company letterhead will bring a complete brochure covering chemical and physical properties, test procedures and prices, For your copy or to order the test kit, write Dept. IEC-6, Refractories Division, The Carborundum Co., Latrobe, Pa.
C A R B O R UNDU M Circle No. 18 on Readers’ Service Card
VOL. 5 4
NO. 6
JUNE 1 9 6 2
91
The reasons for the success of Nash Compressors in handling “dirty” and corrosive gases are simple. First, Nash Compressors have no internal parts in wearing contact, or requiring close tolerances and internal lubrication. Second, because of the Nash operating principle, a variety of liquids can be employed as the compressant medium, protecting the interior from corrosive action. Third, the pump casing may be fabricated from a variety of special metals and alloys. That is why Nash Compressors take these rugged jobs in stride. Nash Vacuum Pumps offer the same basic advantages when handling corrosive gases, and reliably maintain vacuums up t o 29.50 inches of mercury. Shown here is the new Nash
NA§H ENGINEERING COMPANY SOUTH 92
NORWALK,
INDUSTRIAL A N D ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
C O N N E C T I C U T , U. S. A.
Minimize Smoke & Odors with C=R Fume Scrubbers
WNI-CAGE*
TRANSVAIR
FILTER-COLLECTOR
.
Here is the answer you have been waiting f o r . a Filter-Collector with exclusive unitized sock-cage design, providing complete product recovery and effective dust control. Down time is, kept t o a minimum by preassembled sock-cage units. Dust leakage also minimized by unique design which eliminates sealing over cage wires. I
Croll-Reynolds Fume Scrubbers clean and purify air and other ases, minimize smoke and odors and hekp recover vatu. able solids from processed exhaust fumes. They can also be used as concentrators where the mptivat[ng fluid absorbs the fumes and is recirculated until the pro er concentration is reached. C-R Fume lcrubbers have tremendous capacity and operate over a %” to 5” H20 draft range. They are custom designed for, !ach application, offering maximum efficiency, Get the facts by asking for bulletin FF-62.
COMPANY, INC. *751 Westfield, New Jersey I
J-1163
Central Ave, ADams 2-4200
CHILL-VACTORSB Steam-jet EVACTORSB A ~ ~ A . V & T O R S @ Fume Scrubbers Special Jet Auuaratus
II
M a c h i n e r y C o m p a n y , Inc. Muncy, P e n n s y l v a n i a Llncoln 6-3165
Y/107
Circle No. 40 on Readers’ Service Card
Circle No. 19 on Readers’ Service Card
ALPHABETICAL Allied Chemical Corp Baker & Adamson . Products, dkneral Chemical IFC Div. Agency-Kastor, Hilton, Chesley, Clifford & Atherton Inc 4 Ametek, Inc., Filtraiion En ineers Div. Agency-L W. Ramsey A&. Agency 18 Ansnl Chemical Co.. Agency-Brad Sebstad, Inc. 9 Autoclave Engineers, Inc.. Agency-Lando Adv. Agency, Inc. 83 BarnebepCheney. A ency-Odiorne Industrial Adv., Inc. 6 Brigtton Corp.. Agency-Strauchen & McKim 91 The Carborundum Co.. Agency-G. M. Basford Co. 69 Chemical Engineering Catalog. Agency-Persons Adv Inc. Combustion EngineeriXg Inc., Ray. 1 mond Div.. A ency-Martin Engel & Associates 93 Crolf-Reynolds Co., Inc. Agency-Black-Russell-Morris Dow Corning Corp.. 10 Agency-Church & Guisewite Adv., Inc. 73 E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. (Inc. ) Agency-The Rumrill Co., Inc. 84 Eastman Chemical Products, Inc.. Agency-Fred Wittner .Co Inc. Enjay Chemical Co., Div. ‘bf Humble 7 Oil & Refining Co.. Agency-McCann-Erickson, Inc.
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Filtration Engineers, A Div. of Ametek, Inc...... Agency-L. W. Ramsey Adv. Agency The Foxboro Co.. Agency-Reach, McClinton & Humphrey. Inc. Freeport Sulphur Co.. Agency-Asher, Rosston & Kremer, Inc.
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Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., Chemical Div..... Agency-Kudner Agency, Inc.
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The Harshaw Chemical Co.. Hercules Powder Co., Inc.. Agency-Fuller & Smith & Ross, Inc.
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LIST OF ADVERTISERS Texas Gulf Sulphur Co... .......... ..... Agenc,y-San er Funnel1 Inc. Titanium Metals korp. or‘ America. ... Agency-W. L. Towne Co., Inc. -~ ....... Wyssmont Co.. .................... Agency-Max Berking, Inc.
74 Houdry Process & Chemical Co.. Agency-Arndt Preston, Chapin, Lamb & Kekn, Inc. Illinois Water Treatment Co.. 82 Agency-Cummings, Brand, McPherson Associates Inc. 72 International Elec&olytic Plant Co. Ltd. Agency-Rowlinson-Broughton Ltd. 58 Chas. S. Lewis & Co., Inc.. Agency-H. George Bloch, Inc. 79 The Matheson Co., Inc.. Agency-Leonard M. Sive & Associates, Inc. McGraw-Hill Book Co.. .59,60,61 Agency-David Altman Adv., Inc. Mixing Equi ment Co., Inc.. OBC Agenw-Tfe Rumrill Co., Inc. Nash Engineering Co.. 92 National Carbon Co., Div. of Union Carbide Corp.. 68 Agency-J. M. Mathes, Inc. Niagara Blower Co... 69 Agency-The Moss-Chase Co. Olin Mathieson Chemical Corp.. 70 Agency-Van Sant, Dugdale 8s Co. Inc. Pfaudler Permutit, Inc.. .80:88 Agency-The Rumrill Co., Inc. Chas Pfizer & Co., Inc.. .65,66 Agency-MacManus, John & Adams, Inc. 16 Reilly Tar & Chemical Corp.. Agency-The House of Twiss, Inc. Resistoflex Corp.. IBC Agency-Adams & Keyes, Inc. 8 Rohm & Haas Co.. Agency-Arndt, Preston, Chapin, Lamb & Keen, Inc. Shell Chemical Co.. 86 Agency-Oglivy, Benson & Mather, Inc. Sigmamotor, Inc.. 94 Agency-Gelia & Wells, Inc. Spraying Systems. .Co.. 94 Agency-Advertising Producers-Associated Inc Sturtevait Mih Co.. 17 Agency-F. P. Walther, Jr. & Associates, Inc.
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REINHOLD PUBLISHING CORPORATION Advertising Management for the ,American Chemical Society Publicattom Merald Lue Advertising Sales Manager American dhemical Society Publications 430 Park Ave., New York 22, N. Y. Cable Address: REINPUB NYK ADVERTISING SALES REPRESENTATIVES H. Scott Leonard, Adverthing Sales Manage? New York 22-Edmund B. Sullivan Robert F Lewis Gerald B. McDonald ’Tr., 430 Park A v e h e Murray Hill 8-86b0 Chicago 2-Roberi E. Dunn, 111 West Washington Street, RAndolph 6-8497 Pittsburgh 19-Robert E. Newberry Porter Bldg 601 Grant St ATlantic 1)-9421 San Frazcisco 5-Mort;n McDonald, McDonald-Thomuson. 625 Market St., EXbrook 7-5377 Los Angeles &Rod Shrader McDonaldThomuson. 3727 W. Sixth’ St., DUnkirk 7-5391 Seattle 4-T H Abney McDonald-Thompson, 1008 Western Ave., MAin 3-3766 Portland I-Frank Eaton McDonald-Thompson, 2035 S.W. 58ih Avenue, CApital 2-5146 Denver 3-Robert Heidersbach McDonaldThompson 840 Lincoln St’ 825-3325 Houston 6-Fr;nk N. Vickre;.’ McDonaldThompson, 3217 Montrose Blvd., TAckson 9-671 1 Dallas 19-C. Parker Harris McDonaldThompson 2727 Oak Law; Ave., LAkeside 1-12b6 Great Britain and Western Europe Brayton Nichols The American Magazine Group, 7 Blknheim Street, London W.1, England
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VOL. 5 4
NO. 6 J U N E 1 9 6 2
93
RESEARCH RESULTS
A n Efficient Preparation of Spongy iron from Haematite Fines by Direct Mixing Reduction with Mazut the Single Source of Energy
Once a liquid leaves the spray nozzle, whatever work will be done is already determined by the nozzle. That’s why spray nozzle type as well as capacity and pattern control are so important . . . if work is to be performed most efficiently. To provide better control for liquids sprayed, let a Spraying System representative give you complete information. A choice of over 12,000 standard spray nozzles permits exact selection for every need.
.M. G . Habashy! 25 Sullan Ilussein St., Alexandria, U.A.R.
Metallic iron by direct mixing of fines and mazut with lime, limestone, and \rater, and pressing the resultinq paste (10-15 kg./cm.A). Solid pieces heated in nonoxidizing atmosphere (950-1050° C.) to produce sponge iron. Iron suitable for open hearth steel. Projected production (1 50 tons every ten hours) and pilot p l a r t production (one ton in ten hours) described, both based on experimentally derived theory of “heat .jumps.”
M s . 62-95
D . M’. Behnken, J . H o r o i ~ i t zand , 5’. K a l z , American Cyanamid Company Mathematical study of particle size distributions in mixing vessels where particles groiv or shrink according to prescribed rate laws. Application to catalytic fluidized reaction system, where catalyst particles circulate between reagent loading zone and product stripping zone, particle “size” being measured as weight of reactive material on particle. Steady state solutions given, together with procedures for following transients.
M A .62-97
ZOpages, including 2jigures
62.00
Chemical Absorption in Packed Towers
S P R A Y I N G S Y S T E M S CO. j ,
$8.00
Particle Growth Processes
f o r seneral sDrav
3255 Randolph Street
73 pages, including 11 jgures, 4 tables
rt;l
Bellwood, Illinois
Gianni Aslartia, University of :Vaples Concerns conclusions reached from analysis of possible mechanisms of absorption in packed tower, mainly carbon dioxide in aqueous solutions. Experimental results compare favorably with theoretical approach.
MS. 62- 102
17 pages, induding 3 figures
Pyroprocessing Thorium Fuels.
Circle No. 38 on Readers’ Service Card
$2.00
II
E . W . .Murbach, R. E. Johnson, J . D . Chzlton, Atomics International Zinc extraction offers greater promise than other methods considered for effective removal of fission products from thoriumuranium fuels. Lead or thallium extraction from Th-U-AL solution had no apparent advantage over methods based on direct volatilization. Short melting time was a drawback in small scale consumahle electrode arc-melting experiments.
Ms. 62-703
73 pages, including 1 figure, 4 tables
$2.00
Engineering Aspects of Continuous Ultraviolet-Induced Graft Polymerization
E . T . George, C . M . Doede, and C. C Thomas, Jr., Clyde M‘illiams and Company
Only
61,’~’‘
Chemistry related to application and engineering aspects of continuous graft polymerization. Flow diagram for typical system, design problems discussed, cost estimates for production capacities up to 1000 lbs./hr. throughput of backbone material given.
Long, 3%” High
M s . 62-108
73pages including 4 j g u r e s , 3 tables
$2.00
Disintegration of Pellets in Ocean Water
John F . Bitten and J a n Rosinski, Armour Research Foundation
No Corrosion
No Contamination
This new model AL Kinetic Clamp Pump will handle flow rates from -01 t o 400 cc per minute. Practically any liquid, gas or slurry can be handled by selecting the right tubing. A loop of the tubing i s held between two plates, one is stationary and the other operates eccentrically, forcing material along the flexible tubing. Two models and a choice of 50 different gear motors provide almost any flow rate required within the capacity. Write for catalog.
SIGMAMOTOR, 67 North Main Street
Inc.
Middleport, N e w York
Removal of industrial nuclear waste products from water feasible, using pellets designed for specific conditions. Chemicals used were potassium permanganate, ferrous sulfate (anhydrous and heptahydrate), and ferrous chloride (dihydrate and tetrahydrate). Particle size and age of pellets, pelleting pressure and temperature considered.
M s . 62- 709
The Process-Model Approach to Process Isomerization of Pentanes and Hexanes
94
INDUSTRIAL A N D ENGlNEERiNG CHEMISTRY
$3.00
Development.
R.E . Dudley and J . B . . ~ l a l l o y ,American Oil Comjany Model based on two isomerization reactions and a crackinq reaction aided Sreatly in optimizing process conditions, testing reactor design, and interpreting experimental data. Approach should be qenerally useful, even in complex processes. “VIS. 62-710
C i r c l e No. 37 on Readers’ Servica Card
28 pages, including SJigures, 7 tables
ZSpages, zncluding 8 j g u r e r , 2 1able.r
$5.00
